by Erica Cohen

Grace Lee, a paralyzed 28-year-old woman with an incurable brain tumor, wants to die. She has repeatedly requested that doctors remove her ventilator and feeding tube, but her parents have filed a lawsuit to prevent that from happening.  

According to Grace’s attorney, she will die within the next two weeks regardless and is so dependent on machines that she will die within minutes once they are removed. Grace’s parents allege that she is too depressed and heavily medicated to make this decision and that removal of life-sustaining equipment is the equivalent of suicide in their religion.
 
Does Grace have a right to die?
 
Competent adult patients have the right to make medical decisions, including withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. This right is derived from the legal notions of informed consent and privacy, and from the guarantee of liberty granted by the Constitution, as articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court.
 
The Supreme Court has also declared that the right to die must be balanced against four countervailing government interests that could overcome a patient’s choice: preservation of life, protection of the interests of innocent third parties and vulnerable groups, prevention of suicide, and maintaining the ethical integrity of the medical profession.
 
However, as articulated by the California Court of Appeals, “If the right of the patient to self-determination as to his own medical treatment is to have any meaning at all, it must be paramount to the interests of the patient's hospital and doctors. The right of a competent adult patient to refuse medical treatment is a constitutionally guaranteed right which must not be abridged.”
 
The bottom line legally is that life-sustaining treatment can be withdrawn, but there must be clear and convincing evidence that the patient truly wants it done. The problem is that few people clearly express their preferences before they enter a compromised medical state, when it is often too late.
 
One of the best ways to indicate your wishes and ensure that your doctors and family are fully aware of your end-of-life wishes is to create a legal document known as an “advance directive.” Each state has its own laws governing the advance directives that their residents complete.
 
In Pennsylvania, the law divides them into two parts. The first is a living will, which expresses the patient’s desires regarding specific kinds of life-sustaining treatment, such as the use of feed tubes and ventilators. The second is a health care power of attorney, which appoints another person to make health care decisions if the patient is unable to do so. An advance directive can include either or both of these.
 
However, a survey by the Pennsylvania Medical Society found that an alarming 84 percent of adult Pennsylvanians have not prepared this important document.
 
Advance directives help clarify a patient’s wishes, particularly because they are drafted when the patient is competent and of sound-mind. Therefore, family members and doctors will be less concerned that the decision to discontinue life-sustaining treatment is due to depression or incompetence.
 
Although a New York state court held that Grace Lee’s hospital could remove her life support, Grace has decided to remain on life support in order to appease her parents and her God. Despite a legal right to die, these highly emotional decisions are often fraught with family and religious concerns.
 
There is no way to guarantee that you will not end up in a situation like Grace’s; however, the creation of an advance directive would alleviate some of the burden on you and your family if you are ever in a position where a decision must be made whether to continue life-sustaining treatment. Planning ahead could make all the difference in honoring your wishes.
 
You can click here to download a Pennsylvania advance directive form.