The 58-39 vote fell short of the 60 needed to overcome a filibuster. But the vote again highlighted divisions within the Democratic Party over firearms regulation, as 20 Democrats, including Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and Bob Casey of Pennsylvania, joined 38 Republicans in supporting the measure. All five other area senators voted against the measure.

The measure would have allowed gun owners who have concealed-weapon permits in their home states to carry their firearms into states that currently prohibit out-of-state gun-permit holders from bringing in weapons.

"An individual should be able to exercise their Second Amendment constitutional right and be able to travel through individual states as long as they live by the laws of those states," said Sen. John Thune (R., S.D.), the measure's chief sponsor.

Gun-rights advocates had been hopeful of winning passage of the measure after a string of surprising victories in the Democratic-controlled Congress.

Congress earlier this year voted to allow visitors to carry loaded guns in national parks and wildlife refuges. The Senate also voted to limit the District of Columbia's gun-control laws, and a House committee recently voted to prevent public housing projects from restricting legally owned guns.

The National Rifle Association had called the measure a recognition that "the right to self-defense does not end at state lines."

Opponents of the Thune measure - including California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, the International Association of Chiefs of Police, and the mayors of Los Angeles and New York - had assailed it as an assault on states' rights and warned it would increase gun violence.

"This is a grave threat to public safety," said Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D., Calif.). "Concealed-weapons laws that work in rural states may not be suitable in urban areas. What's good for Iowa or Alaska may not be good for California or New York."

Sen. Charles E. Schumer (D., N.Y.) called the measure "probably the most dangerous" gun legislation since Congress allowed the federal assault-weapons ban to expire in 2004.

After the vote, Kristen Rand, legislative director of the Violence Policy Center, said the measure's defeat was a "victory for those who support a sane national gun policy."

The measure created a political dilemma for Democrats, who championed gun control in the 1980s and 1990s but backed away from the issue after the 2000 election, when their party's presidential candidate, Al Gore, was believed to have lost support in rural states because of his support for gun control.

Democrats also strengthened their House and Senate majorities by gaining seats in rural areas, underscoring the divisions within the party over gun legislation.

Reid, who supported the measure, faces a possible tough reelection campaign next year in Nevada. Republicans have delighted in bringing up gun measures to force Democrats to cast politically tough votes.

The gun measure would have allowed a firearms owner from a state with less stringent standards for securing a weapon permit to take his or her weapons into a state with tougher requirements.

The Los Angeles County sheriff's office, for example, requires permit holders to undergo eight hours of training. In contrast, Mississippi residents can obtain a concealed-weapon permit with no training, according to the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, a gun-control group.